THE MORPHOLOGY OF NOUNS IN PAKPAK DAIRI

1.1 Background
Pakpak is a language spoken in the regent of Dairi in North Sumatra. The area borders with Lake Toba on the west side. The people call themselves Pakpak. Most of the pakpak are bilingual; they speak Pakpak as well as Indonesian. Pakpak is used especially in daily activities, in informal as well as formal occasion, for example in ceremonial party, wedding and other daily activities such as in household or social activities.

Although the area of Dairi surrounded by mostly Batak area, Pakpak is not Batak. Pakpak language is different from Batak. If one speaks Pakpak to a Batak, he will not understand it.
Pakpak language has three main dialect, those are Kelasen dialect (mostly used at North Tapanuli), Old Pakpak dialect (Dairi district) and Boang dialect (south east Aceh and Karo).
Social interaction between the society of Pakpak sets according to (marga) clan from father (patrilineal). There are five clans in Pakpak: Tambunan, Berutu, Manik, Bintang and Mungkur. Those five clans, again, have sub-clans which commonly added to the main clan. The children, male and female, follow the clan from their father. The female who has married will move to the clan of her husband.

Pakpak has three categorizations on their social interaction: (a) dengen sabeltek: all male in one/same clan. (b) beru: female (wife), husband, children, and family from husband, and (c) kula-kula: parents and family of wife. The characteristic of dengen sebeltek or dengen sabituka in the tradition is one word, togetherness in all activities in every activity regarding on that tradition.

The characteristic of beru is shown by respecting her kula-kula; they give rice or olis (traditional clothes) for kula-kula in traditional ceremony. Interaction in the Pakpak society is set by delikan si telu. It is a symbol of democracy.

Tokor beru is a terminology in wedding ceremony when someone gets married. A man has to give tokor beru to kula-kula, it can be as money, cows, gold or etc. A man who has not get married can not be accepted in the traditional ceremony as well. That is why, if he get married he has to learn more how to communicate with his older generation. This communication is called by “bertutur” (asking relationship of the family or marga/clan)

Most of the Pakpak are farmers, planting rice, growing coffee, vegetables and fruit, and some of them working as blacksmith. They sell their commodity to the market once a week.

Regarding on their religion, the Pakpak in early time believes in animism, many people at that time used black or white magic, believes to evils and devils. In the 19 century, Islam and catholic came to this area bringing Gods believes to them. Nowadays people in Pakpak has left their old believes and become a Moslem or Christian. Some of the old habit/ tradition are still left such as pepiher tendi (a party that aim to support someone’s success) and pengupah-upahen (food contribution) to the family or friends in traditional ceremony.

There has een very little research on Pakpak. Some previous research shown the existence of morphological process and morphophonemic rules in the language, for example: verb 'mengelabaŋ' which came from prefix me- and noun /labaŋ/ ‘nail’; the form of the word is changed from ‘me-‘ into ‘menge-‘. Then noun /pemekpek/ 'stick’ came from prefix pe- and verb /pekpek/ ‘hit’; in this process, the allomorph process occurs in the word /pekpek/ and changed into /pem-/.

Although morphophonemic process in Pakpak has been identified, but the system of its noun morphology has not give details explanation even in general. The information about its structures, morphological features, types, and formations of nouns in Pakpak are urgently required to be researched. Therefore the present research has focused on the morphology of nouns.

1.2 Problem of the Study
This research ‘The Morphology of Nouns in Pakpak is trying to find out the problems of study in the following:
- What are the characteristics of nouns in Pakpak?
- How are the morphological process of noun in Pakpak?
- How is the formation on nouns in Pakpak?
- What is the reduplications system of nouns in Pakpak?

1.3 Aims of the Study
According to the problems mentioned above, the aims of this research are:
· To describe characteristic of nouns in Pakpak
· To describe morphological process in Pakpak
· To describes formation of nouns in Pakpak
· To describe the reduplication of nouns in Pakpak

1.4 Significant of the Study
Based on the previous explanation on the background, the significances of the study from the research are:
- As source of information about this language
- A contribution to the bibliography of Pakpak

1.5 Organization of the Study

This thesis is divided into five chapters. Chapter one deals with background (literature review to Pakpak language), problem, scope, significance, and the organization of the study. Chapter two deals with the review of literature relevant to morphology of nouns in Pakpak language in Dairi include short note of the sound system in Dairi. This chapter also describes the theories related to which this study concern about. Chapter three content of the research methodology which includes population and sample, location and procedure of collecting data. Chapter four presents result and discussion of nouns in Pakpak language in Dairi. The last, chapter five deal with the conclusion and suggestion